There are several ways to diagnose diabetes. Each way usually needs to be repeated on a second day to diagnose diabetes. Show
Testing should be carried out in a health care setting (such as your doctor’s office or a lab). If your doctor determines that your blood glucose (blood sugar) level is very high, or if you have classic symptoms of high blood glucose in addition to one positive test, your doctor may not require a second test to diagnose diabetes. A1CThe A1C test measures your average blood glucose for the past two to three months. The advantages of being diagnosed this way are that you don't have to fast or drink anything.
Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG)This test checks your fasting blood glucose levels. Fasting means after not having anything to eat or drink (except water) for at least 8 hours before the test. This test is usually done first thing in the morning, before breakfast.
Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT)The OGTT is a two-hour test that checks your blood glucose levels before and two hours after you drink a special sweet drink. It tells the doctor how your body processes sugar.
Random (also called Casual) Plasma Glucose TestThis test is a blood check at any time of the day when you have severe diabetes symptoms.
What is Prediabetes?Before people develop type 2 diabetes, they almost always have prediabetes—blood glucose levels that are higher than normal but not yet high enough to be diagnosed as diabetes. Doctors sometimes refer to prediabetes as impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) or impaired fasting glucose (IFG), depending on what test was used when it was detected. This condition puts you at a higher risk for developing type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. SymptomsThere are no clear symptoms of prediabetes, so you may have it and not know it. Some people with prediabetes may have some of the symptoms of diabetes or even problems from diabetes already. You usually find out that you have prediabetes when being tested for diabetes. If you have prediabetes, you should be checked for type 2 diabetes every one to two years. Results indicating prediabetes are:
Preventing Type 2 DiabetesYou will not develop type 2 diabetes automatically if you have prediabetes. For some people with prediabetes, early treatment can actually return blood glucose levels to the normal range. Research shows that you can lower your risk for type 2 diabetes by 58% by:
Don't worry if you can't get to your ideal body weight. Losing even 10 to 15 pounds can make a huge difference. Diabetes impacts your body’s ability to control your blood sugar (glucose) levels. Uncontrolled blood sugar can lead to serious complications, which is why monitoring your blood sugar and keeping it within recommended ranges is so important. Your recommended blood sugar range can be impacted by a variety of factors such as your age, overall health, and diabetes management goals. The charts in this article will help you understand the recommended ranges for blood sugar as well as for A1C. Recommended blood sugar levels can help you determine whether your blood sugar is in a “normal” range. However, your blood sugar target level may vary from the general recommendation due to:
A doctor or healthcare professional will let you know what the target range should be for you, based on your health and medical history. Recommended blood sugar range for adults with type 1 and type 2 diabetes and children with type 2 diabetesAccording to the American Diabetes Association, these ranges are recommended for adults with either type 1 or type 2 diabetes and for children with type 2 diabetes: Ranges are adjusted for children under 18 years with type 1 diabetes, pregnant people, and people with gestational diabetes, as outlined in the charts below. Blood sugar range for children under 18 years with type 1 diabetesThe chart below shows the recommended blood sugar range for children under 18 years with type 1 diabetes. Recommended blood sugar range for pregnant people with type 1 diabetesThe chart below outlines the recommended blood sugar range for people who are pregnant and have type 1 diabetes. Blood sugar range for people with gestational diabetesThe chart below shows the recommended blood sugar range for people with gestational diabetes. Recommended blood sugar if you don’t have diabetesFor people without diabetes, the standard blood sugar range is the same, regardless of age or health condition. However, a doctor may set different goals based on your specific circumstances. For instance, if you have several risk factors for diabetes, a doctor might want your blood sugar to be within a tighter range. The standard blood sugar range for people who don’t have diabetes is outlined in the chart below. AIC is a measure of your average blood sugar over the past 3 months. To have your A1C measured, you’ll need a blood draw. When sugar enters your bloodstream, it binds to a protein called hemoglobin. People who have high blood sugar have a higher percentage of the hemoglobin protein coated with sugar. Your A1C result will give you an indication of what percentage of your hemoglobin is bound to sugar. In the chart below you can see whether your A1C result falls into a “normal” range or whether it could be a sign of prediabetes or diabetes. It’s generally recommended that people with any type of diabetes keep their A1C below 7 percent. However, other health conditions and health goals might change this. A doctor will let you know whether, based on your unique factors, you have a different A1C goal. Keeping track of your blood sugar is one of the most important elements of diabetes management. Careful monitoring of your blood sugar and knowing what may cause it to rise or fall can help you and a health team develop a diabetes care plan and set treatment goals. Additionally, measuring your blood sugar can help you:
Even if you don’t have diabetes, it’s a good idea to get your blood sugar checked periodically. A doctor might order a blood sugar test as part of an annual physical. If you have any risk factors for diabetes, you may need to get your blood sugar checked more often. High blood sugar levels, known as hyperglycemia, can make you feel tired or thirsty and can even make your vision blurry. Many factors can cause a spike in your blood sugar, including:
Over time, high blood sugar can lead to serious complications such as:
Fast-acting insulinIf your blood sugar is higher than recommended, you can bring it down by taking fast-acting insulin. Talk with a doctor about how much insulin you should take if your blood sugar is above a certain level. However, you’ll want to be sure that you take into account any insulin you may already have in your body. Some types of insulin can take several hours to be fully absorbed, so you’ll want to avoid taking too much insulin if you still have some that hasn’t taken effect yet. This could cause your blood sugar to drop too low. You’ll want to check your blood sugar within 15 to 30 minutes after administering insulin to make sure your blood sugar is coming down but not dropping too low. ExerciseAnother effective way to lower your blood sugar is to exercise. When you’re physically active, your body uses up excess glucose in your blood. However, if you have severe hyperglycemia, you should avoid exercise as it can speed up ketoacidosis, a potentially life threatening condition. Talk with a healthcare professional if you’ve been having frequent spikes in your blood sugar levels. They may want to adjust your medications or work with you to develop a different diet plan. Low blood sugar is defined as blood sugar below 70 milligrams (mg) per deciliter (dL). If your blood sugar drops too low, you might feel:
If your blood sugar stays low, you can become confused and have trouble speaking and seeing. Blood sugar that stays low for a longer period of time can lead to serious complications such as a coma or seizures. Let a doctor know if your blood sugar regularly falls too low. You might need to change the type or amount of insulin you take or the time at which you take it. It’s also a good idea to make a note of the symptoms you experience during a low blood sugar episode and how long it takes for your blood sugar to recover. This information can help a doctor develop the right type of care plan for you. Monitoring your blood sugar is a key part of diabetes management. Blood sugar levels that consistently fall within the recommended ranges are a sign that your medications, diet, and other diabetes treatments are working well. Blood sugar ranges are general guidelines. You might have a slightly different recommended blood sugar range depending on your overall health, age, the length of time you’ve had diabetes, and other factors. If your blood sugar levels frequently spike too high or drop too low, talk with a healthcare professional about making a change to your diabetes management plan. |
Acceptable blood sugar levels for type 2 diabetes
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