Pain in the esophagus is known as

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a condition in which the stomach contents leak backward from the stomach into the esophagus (food pipe). Food travels from your mouth to the stomach through your esophagus. GERD can irritate the food pipe and cause heartburn and other symptoms.

Table of Contents Show

Where is esophageal pain called?
What causes pain in your esophagus?
What does esophageal pain feel like?
What relieves esophageal pain?

When you eat, food passes from the throat to the stomach through the esophagus. A ring of muscle fibers in the lower esophagus prevents swallowed food from moving back up. These muscle fibers are called the lower esophageal sphincter (LES).

When this ring of muscle does not close all the way, stomach contents can leak back into the esophagus. This is called reflux or gastroesophageal reflux. Reflux may cause symptoms. Harsh stomach acids can also damage the lining of the esophagus.

The risk factors for reflux include:

Use of alcohol (possibly)
Hiatal hernia (a condition in which part of the stomach moves above the diaphragm, which is the muscle that separates the chest and abdominal cavities)
Obesity
Pregnancy
Scleroderma
Smoking
Reclining within 3 hours after eating

Heartburn and gastroesophageal reflux can be caused by or made worse by pregnancy. Symptoms can also be caused by certain medicines, such as:

Anticholinergics (for example, sea sickness medicine)
Bronchodilators for asthma
Calcium channel blockers for high blood pressure
Dopamine-active drugs for Parkinson disease
Progestin for abnormal menstrual bleeding or birth control
Sedatives for insomnia or anxiety
Tricyclic antidepressants

Talk to your health care provider if you think one of your medicines may be causing heartburn. Never change or stop taking a medicine without first talking to your provider.

Common symptoms of GERD include:

Feeling that food is stuck behind the breastbone
Heartburn or a burning pain in the chest
Nausea after eating

Less common symptoms are:

Bringing food back up (regurgitation)
Cough or wheezing
Difficulty swallowing
Hiccups
Hoarseness or change in voice
Sore throat

Symptoms may get worse when you bend over or lie down, or after you eat. Symptoms may also be worse at night.

You may not need any tests if your symptoms are mild.

If your symptoms are severe or they come back after you have been treated, your doctor may perform a test called an upper endoscopy (EGD).

This is a test to examine the lining of the esophagus, stomach, and first part of the small intestine.
It is done with a small camera (flexible endoscope) that is inserted down the throat.

You may also need one or more of the following tests:

A test that measures how often stomach acid enters the tube that leads from the mouth to the stomach (called the esophagus)
A test to measure the pressure inside the lower part of the esophagus (esophageal manometry)

A positive stool occult blood test may diagnose bleeding that is coming from the irritation in the esophagus, stomach, or intestines.

You can make many lifestyle changes to help treat your symptoms.

Other tips include:

If you are overweight or obese, in many cases, losing weight can help.
Raise the head of the bed if your symptoms get worse at night.
Have your dinner 2 to 3 hours before going to sleep.
Avoid drugs such as aspirin, ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin), or naproxen (Aleve, Naprosyn). Take acetaminophen (Tylenol) to relieve pain.
Take all of your medicines with plenty of water. When your provider gives you a new medicine, ask whether it will make your heartburn worse.

You may use over-the-counter antacids after meals and at bedtime, although the relief may not last very long. Common side effects of antacids include diarrhea or constipation.

Other over-the-counter and prescription medicines can treat GERD. They work more slowly than antacids, but give you longer relief. Your pharmacist, doctor, or nurse can tell you how to take these medicines.

Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) decrease the amount of acid produced in your stomach.
H2 blockers also lower the amount of acid released in the stomach.

Anti-reflux surgery may be an option for people whose symptoms do not go away with lifestyle changes and medicines. Heartburn and other symptoms should improve after surgery. But you may still need to take medicines for your heartburn.

There are also new therapies for reflux that can be performed through an endoscope (a flexible tube passed through the mouth into the stomach).

Most people respond to lifestyle changes and medicines. However, many people need to continue taking medicines to control their symptoms.

Complications may include:

Worsening of asthma
A change in the lining of the esophagus that can increase the risk of cancer (Barrett esophagus)
Bronchospasm (irritation and spasm of the airways due to acid)
Long-term (chronic) cough or hoarseness
Dental problems
Ulcer in the esophagus
Stricture (a narrowing of the esophagus due to scarring from chronic irritation)

Contact your provider if symptoms do not improve with lifestyle changes or medicine.

Also call if you have:

Bleeding
Choking (coughing, shortness of breath)
Feeling filled up quickly when eating
Frequent vomiting
Hoarseness
Loss of appetite
Trouble swallowing (dysphagia) or pain with swallowing (odynophagia)
Weight loss
Feeling like food or pills are sticking behind the breast bone

Avoiding factors that cause heartburn may help prevent symptoms. Obesity is linked to GERD. Maintaining a healthy body weight may help prevent the condition.

Peptic esophagitis; Reflux esophagitis; GERD; Heartburn - chronic; Dyspepsia - GERD

ASGE Standards of Practice Committee, Muthusamy VR, Lightdale JR, et al. The role of endoscopy in the management of GERD. Gastrointest Endosc. 2015;81(6):1305-1310. PMID: 25863867 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25863867/.

Falk GW, Katzka DA. Diseases of the esophagus. In: Goldman L, Schafer AI, eds. Goldman-Cecil Medicine. 26th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap 129.

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases website. Acid reflux (GER & GERD) in adults. www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/acid-reflux-ger-gerd-adults. Updated July 2020. Accessed April 22, 2022.

Richter JE, Vaezi MF. Gastroesophageal reflux disease. In: Feldman M, Friedman LS, Brandt LJ, eds. Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease. 11th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2021:chap 46.

Updated by: Michael M. Phillips, MD, Emeritus Professor of Medicine, The George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.

Where is esophageal pain called?

Visceral afferents often travel with somatic afferents from the body wall, which explains why esophageal pain may be referred to the chest wall.

What causes pain in your esophagus?

The most common esophageal cause of pain is gastroesophageal reflux disease. Reflux of acid can present with chest pain, heartburn, or swallowing difficulties; chest pain is only 1 manifestation of this condition.

What does esophageal pain feel like?

One sign that you may be experiencing an esophageal spasm is It may feel like food is stuck in your throat. Other symptoms include: A feeling of heartburn or a squeezing type of chest pain. Chest pain that may spread to the neck, arm or back.

What relieves esophageal pain?

Choose food that is warm or cool. Let foods and drinks that are very hot or very cold sit for a bit before eating or drinking them. Suck a peppermint lozenge. Peppermint oil is a smooth muscle relaxant and might help ease esophageal spasms.