Organic compounds study guide biology roots answer key

Download Concept Map Organic Compound with Answer Key and more Organic Chemistry Schemes and Mind Maps in PDF only on Docsity! Molecular Models Concept Map-KEY Organic compounds include: Can be or Example with single strand Examples Which are chains of Consisting of more than 2 sugars Consisting of 2 sugars Consisting of 1 sugar Examples Examples Example Found in Found in Example with double strand Important component of Cell membranes Composed of 4 fused C rings 1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids Word Bank: Amino acids, animals, carbohydrates, DNA, disaccharide, fructose, glucose, glycogen, isoleucine, leucine, lipids, monosaccharide, nucleic acids, phospholipids, plants, polypeptides, polysaccharides, proteins, RNA, saturated, serine, starch, steroids, sucrose, triglycerol, unsaturated Fatty acids DNA NUCLEIC ACIDS RNA LIPIDS STEROIDS SATURATED UNSATURATED PHOSPHOLIPIDS TRIGLYCEROLS POLYSACCHARIDE STARCH PLANTS GLYCOGEN ANIMALS CARBOHYDRATES MONOSACCHARIDE DISACCHARIDE SUCROSE GLUCOSE FRUCTOSE AMINO ACIDS PROTEINS ISOLEUCINE LEUCINE SERINE

Organic Compound Study Guide

Organic compounds ●Compounds that contain CARBON are called organic ○Contain bonds b/w carbon atoms ●Macromolecules are large organic molecule

Carbon ●Carbon has 4 electrons in the valence shell ●Carbon can form covalent bonds with as many as 4 bonds ●Usually with C,H,O, or N ●Has ability to form chains and different large/ complex structures ●No other element can match carbon's versatility

Macromolecules ●Large organic molecules ●Called polymers (many)

●Made up of small monomers ○Form through polymerization ●3 or more is a polymer ●Examples ○Carbs ○Lipids ○Proteins ○Nucleic acids (DNA & RNA)

How do you form a macromolecule ●Dehydration synthesis ○Forms polymers by combining monomers by “removing water”

How are macromolecules separated or broken down ●Sucrose (enzyme) helps break down food ●Hydrolysis ○Separated monomers by “adding water” -to break down food ■This is what our enzymes do in the

○Fructose ●Can be cyclin or straight chain

Disaccharides ●2 sugar units (dimer) ●Examples ○Sucrose (glucose+fructose) ○Lactose (glucose+galactose) ○Maltose (glucose+glucose)

●Chemical formula: C 12 H 22 O 11

Dehydration Synthesis in Carbohydrates ●monosaccharide+monosaccharide= disaccharide ●monomer+monomer= dimer

Polysaccharide ●Sugar unit ●Examples ○Starch (bread, potatoes)

○Glycogen (beef) ○Cellulose (vegetables)

Polysaccharides: Plants vs. Animal starch ●Glycogen/ animal starch ○Stored excess sugar

●Plant starch ○Stored excess sugar (amyrose) ○Ex: potatoes

Polysaccharides: Cellulose ●Tons of chains that form strong long fibers ●It makes up the cell wall

●Protection against physical shock ●Protection against water loss ●Chemical messengers (hormones) ●Major component of membranes (phospholipids)

Components of lipids ●Glycerol ●Fatty acids ●No monomer/polymer form

Triglycerides ●Composed of 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids

Dehydration Synthesis in Lipids

Hydrolysis is Lipids

Fatty Acids ●There are 2 kinds of fatty acids ○Saturated Fatty Acids: no double bonds (bad) ○Unsaturated Fatty Acids: double bonds (good)

Proteins

Proteins (Polypeptides)

●H- attached to central carbon ●Amino group ●Carboxyl group ●Radical group- varies in all amino acids (distinguishes each of the 20)

Dehydration Synthesis in proteins

Hydrolysis of a Dipeptide

Protein shape ●The shape determines the protein's function ●A protein loses its specific function when it's polypeptides unravel

Nucleic Acids ●Two types ○Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA Double helix) ○Ribonucleic Acid (RNA Single strand) ●DNA and RNA (Polymers) ○Nucleotide (monomer) ●Nucleic acids are composed of long chains of nucleotides linked by dehydration synthesis

Biology

Big Picture

Our body is made out of four basic classes of organic compounds: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Each class performs a unique role and is vital for the function of life.

Key Terms

Organic Compound: A chemical substance created within an organism.

Carbohydrate: An organic compound containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen that supply the energy living systems need to survive.

Lipid: An organic compound produced for storing energy.

Protein: An organic compound making up muscles, enzymes, and other organs in the body.

Nucleic Acid: An organic compound used to store genetic information.

Fatty Acid: Molecule in which carbon atoms are bonded to hydrogen atoms or other groups of atoms.

Amino Acid: Small molecule that is a building block of proteins.

Nucleotide: Small molecule containing a sugar, phosphate group, and base that is a building block of nucleic acids.

Complementary Base Pair: Pair of nucleotide bases that bond together.

Four Main Types of Organic Compounds

There are four main types of organic compound responsible for cellular functions within cells. These are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

Types of Organic Compounds

provides energy to cells, stores energy, forms body structure

stores energy, forms cell membranes, carries messages

helps cells keep their shape, makes up muscles, speeds up chemical reactions, carries messages and materials

contains instructions for proteins, passes instructions from parents to offspring, helps make proteins

Carbohydrates

• The most common type of organic compound.
• Built of small, repeating units (monosaccharides) that can bind to make a larger molecule (poly-saccharide)

Lipids

• Made up of fatty acids–either saturated (carbon bonded to as many hydrogen atoms as possible) or unsaturated (some carbon bonded to groups other than hydrogen atoms)
• Lipids include:
• triglycerides: the main form of stored energy in animals
• phospholipids: the major components of cell membranes
• steroids: serve as chemical messengers and have other roles

Notes