How do you cite personal communication in apa 7th edition

Q: How do you cite personal communication in a scientific paper?

In a parenthetical citation, use the words personal communication and the exact date that the personal communication occurred. Here is an example of a parenthetical citation of a personal communication: Fruity candy is much better than chocolate (J. Smith, personal communication, October 10, 2010).

Traditional Knowledge

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How do you reference personal communication apa?
How do you cite a private communication?
How do you cite personal communication in a scientific paper?

If you need to reference Traditional Knowledge found in a recoverable source (a book or a website, for example), reference it in the correct format for that type source. See here for a definition of a non-recoverable source (personal communication).

If you have researched Traditional Knowledge by speaking to someone, provide the person's full name and the name of the indigenous group they belong to if known (iwi or haapu, for example), as well as their location or other details as relevant, followed by the words "personal communication", and the date of the communication. Ensure the person agrees to have their name included in your assignment and confirms the accuracy and appropriateness of the information you present.

You do not need to provide a reference list entry.

Examples

Narrative in-text citation within a paragraph

I spoke with Mihiwai Taylor (Tainui, from Hamilton, New Zealand, personal communication, April 2021) about Tainui's traditional understandings of the world. She described...

Parenthetical in-text citation within a paragraph

"Tainui's understanding of ..." (Mihiwai Taylor, Tainui, from Hamilton, New Zealand, personal communication, April 2021).

If you are an indigenous person and are sharing your own experiences or the previously unrecorded Traditional Knowledge or Oral Tradition of your people, describe yourself in the text (e.g. what iwi or haapu you belong to, where you live or where you are from) to contextualise the origin of the information you are sharing.

You do not need to use a personal communication citation or provide a reference list entry because you do not need to cite personal information.

Elements of the reference

Person - initial(s). last name (personal communication, Month Day, Year)

In-text reference

J. T. Lewis (personal communication, May 14, 2018)

(K. Taylor, personal communication, March 17, 2019)

EndNote reference type

Add manually to document using above format.

APA Style (7th ed.)

Personal communications don’t provide recoverable data, which means that the information isn’t publicly available to the intended reader. Examples of personal communications include "emails, text messages, online chats or direct messages, personal interviews. . . [and] unrecorded classroom lectures" (American Psychological Association, 2020, p. 260). If the intended audience of the work can’t recover them, other types of personal communication include Moodle discussion forum postings, PowerPoint presentations or unpublished papers by an instructor that were posted to Moodle, organizational documents that are only available via a company’s intranet, or resources that require other specialized access, such as security clearance.

Citations to personal communications should provide the author’s first initial and last name or the organizational author's name, the words “personal communication”, and the date the communication took place, the date of the resource, or the date that you accessed the resource. For example, "quotation" (C. Hare, personal communication, November 29, 2019) or C. Hare (personal communication, November 29, 2019) argued that "quotation". You don’t need to specify the type of communication; only the words “personal communication” are needed in the citation. If your reader needs to know more about how you accessed the information, you can describe that in your text.

Since your reader can't access the original resource, page numbers or other location references aren’t necessary in citations to personal communication. Similarly, since personal communication isn’t recoverable, the sources are cited only in the body text (APA, 2020, p. 260). Finally, if you conducted an interview as part of your original research, information gained from that interview isn't usually cited as personal communication but rather is given an attribution because the information wasn't previously published elsewhere. Please see How Do I Cite My Original Research Results? for more information.

Reference

American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1037/0000165-000

Material Type	In-Text Example	Reference List Example
Email	An email (J. W. Ayers, personal communication, July 2, 2018) confirming that results are accurate ...	You do not need to include an entry in the Reference List.
Interview	During an interview conducted on October 11, 2017, Professor Peter Dawkins stated that … OR The Vice Chancellor's statement was confirmed during an interview (P. Dawkins, personal communication, October 11, 2017).	You do not need to include an entry in the Reference List. This example is about referencing information from an interview that you have conducted. If you use published interviews conducted by other people cite them as appropriate, for example as a 'Speech audio recording' or 'Film'. See the 'Audiovisual Materials' page in this guide for examples. See the 'Archival Materials' section on the APA Style website for advice on referencing an interview held in an archive.
Letter	In a letter dated April 1, 2018, Ben Cork stated that ... OR Ben Cork expressed sincere regret in his letter (personal communication, April 1, 2018) ...	You do not need to include an entry in the Reference List.
Telephone call	During a phone interview conducted on August 14, 2018, Professor Sally Richards stated that ... OR The Vice Chancellor's statement was confirmed during a phone interview (S. Richards, personal communication, August 14, 2018).	You do not need to include an entry in the Reference List.

How do you reference personal communication apa?

Citations to personal communications should provide the author's first initial and last name or the organizational author's name, the words “personal communication”, and the date the communication took place, the date of the resource, or the date that you accessed the resource.

How do you cite a private communication?

Details can be provided in running text or in parentheses. In your in-text citation of a Personal Communication give the initials as well as the surname of the communicator, and provide as exact a date as possible. Note that the initials precede the family name in the parenthetical citation.

How do you cite personal communication in a scientific paper?

In a parenthetical citation, use the words "personal communication" and the exact date that the personal communication occurred. Here is an example of a parenthetical citation of a personal communication: Fruity candy is much better than chocolate (J. Smith, personal communication, October 10, 2010).