Studies have shown that the abuse of alcohol and drugs in the workplace can cost Canadian workplaces billions of dollars in lost productivity, injuries, absenteeism, medical costs and liability. Show
 The ChallengeDrug or alcohol issues in the workplace can be dangerous and affect productivity. There are strict regulations around dealing with drug and alcohol issues, and employers may be unaware how to proceed within the confines of the law. These issues are typically rare; as a result, organizations often need assistance with dealing with them. Policies and procedures need to be clearly defined.
We Can HelpApex Occupational Health and Wellness provides the services of a registered Medical Review team. The Apex medical review team is trained in the whole process: from collection and chain of custody through interpreting the results of drug and alcohol testing. Our team understands the regulations and can assist you with the design, development and implementation of your drug and alcohol policies. We will also guide you through the process of dealing with each individual case and ensure that your program is legal. Table of ContentsAimTheoryMaterials RequiredApparatus SetupProcedureObservationsResults and DiscussionsPrecautionsFrequently Asked Questions Functional groups play a vital role in organic chemistry. The organic compound which has -OH functional group are called alcohols. Alcohols are compounds containing an -OH group bonded to a tetrahedral carbon atom. The general formula for alcohol is R-OH. Where R is an alkyl group Aim:To identify the presence of alcoholic functional group in a given organic compound. Theory:Any of the following test can be carried out to detect the alcoholic functional group.
(a) Sodium Metal Test:It is based on the appearance of brisk effervescence due to the liberation of hydrogen gas when alcohol reacts with active metals like sodium. The chemical reaction is given below. 2R-OH + 2Na → 2R-O-Na + H2↑ 2CH3-OH + 2Na → 2CH3-O-Na + H2↑ The alcohol to be tested should be dry because water also reacts with sodium. Sodium should be handled carefully, unreacted sodium should be destroyed by adding excess alcohol. This test is favourable if phenyl or carboxyl groups are absent. Note: Evolution of hydrogen gas cause a brisk effervescence indicates an alcoholic group. (b) Ester Test:Carboxylic acids reacts with alcohols forming a fruit smelling ester. The reaction between an alcohol and a carboxylic acid is called esterification. This reaction is a slow reaction catalysed by concentrated sulphuric acid. The chemical reaction is given below. R-OH + R-COOH → R-COOR + H2O CH3OH + CH3-COOH → CH3-COOCH3 + H2O Note: A sweet smell indicates the presence of alcoholic group. (c) Ceric Ammonium Nitrate Test:Alcohol or reaction with ceric ammonium nitrate forms a pink or red colour precipitate due to the formation of a complex compound and ammonium nitrate. The chemical reaction is given below. (NH4)2 [Ce(NO3)6] + 3ROH → [Ce(NO3)4(ROH)3] + 2NH4NO3 (NH4)2 [Ce(NO3)6] + 3CH3OH → [Ce(NO3)4(CH3OH)3] + 2NH4NO3 Note: The appearance of wine red colour precipitate shows the presence of alcoholic group. (d) Acetyl Chloride Test:Alcohol reacts with acetyl chloride results in the formation of ester and hydrogen chloride. The resulting hydrogen chloride on contact with ammonium hydroxide forms a white fumes of ammonium chloride and water. The chemical equation is given below. R-OH + CH3-CO-Cl → CH3-COOR + HCl HCl + NH4OH → NH4Cl + H2O Note: The formation of white fumes indicates the presence of alcohol. (e) Iodoform test:This test is given by secondary alcohols, ketones and acetaldehyde. First the compound is heated with sodium hydroxide solution and iodine. A formation of yellow precipitate of iodoform shows the presence of alcohol. The chemical reactions are given below. CH3-CH(OH)-CH3 + I2 + 2NaOH → CH3-CO-CH3 + 2NaI + 2H2O CH3-CO-CH3 + 3I2 + 4NaOH → CHI3(Iodoform) + CH3COONa + 3NaI + 3H2O Note: The formation of yellow precipitate shows the presence of alcohol, acetaldehyde or methyl ketones. Distinction Between Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Alcohols:Lucas Test:The mixture of zinc chloride and concentrated hydrochloric acid is called Lucas reagent. It reacts with primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols at different rates. This reagent forms a cloudiness on reacting with alcohols. Tertiary alcohols reacts immediately and give cloudiness, secondary alcohols reacts slowly and gives cloudiness after 5 to 10 minutes and there is no reaction with primary alcohols. The chemical reactions are given below. Note: Cloudiness appears immediately → Tertiary alcohols Cloudiness appears within five to ten minutes → Secondary alcohols Cloudiness
appears only on heating → Primary alcohols Materials Required:
Apparatus Setup:Procedure:Preparation of Reagents:
(a) Sodium Metal Test:
(b) Ester Test:
(c) Ceric Ammonium Nitrate Test:
(d) Acetyl Chloride Test:
(e) Iodoform Test:
Observations:
Results and Discussions:The given organic compound is ___________. (primary alcohol, secondary alcohol or tertiary alcohol) Precautions:
Keep visiting BYJU’S to learn more about class 12 CBSE chemistry practicals. Frequently Asked QuestionsThe mixture of anhydrous zinc chloride in 100ml of
concentrated hydrochloric acid is called Lucas reagent. Lucas ‘ reagent is a concentrated hydrochloric acid solution of anhydrous zinc chloride. Used to classify low molecular weight alcohols. The reaction is a substitution reaction where a
hydroxyl group is replaced by the chloride. Some functional groups are, Why the given alcohol is dried completely before carrying out sodium metal test?Alcohol is dried completely before carrying out sodium metal test because sodium itself reacts with water vigorously. Which is more acidic and alcohol or phenol?Alcohols are less acidic than phenols because the removal of H ion from alcohol is very difficult. Phenol can easily lose ion because the formed phenoxide ion is somewhat stabilized by resonance. How can you recognize an alcohol chemistry?One way of classifying alcohols is based on which carbon atom is bonded to the hydroxyl group. If this carbon is primary (1°, bonded to only one other carbon atom), the compound is a primary alcohol. A secondary alcohol has the hydroxyl group on a secondary (2°) carbon atom, which is bonded to two other carbon atoms.
What functional group is found in an alcohol apex?An alcohol is any organic compound in which the hydroxy functional group (-OH) is bound to a saturated carbon atom.
How would you test for an alcohol class 10?Alcohols are slightly acidic in nature and can be detected by their reaction with sodium. When sodium is added to alcohol, sodium alkoxide is formed along with the release of hydrogen gas that burns with a pop sound. This confirms that the compound is an alcohol. Alcohols do not change the colour of the litmus paper.
Which of the following is test for alcohol?A blood alcohol test measures the level of Alcohol in your blood. Most people are more familiar with the breathalyzer, a test often used by police officers on people suspected of drunk driving. While a breathalyzer gives fast results, it is not as accurate as measuring alcohol in the blood.
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How can you recognize an alcohol apex
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